Butter a 9x13 baking dish. Place the bread cubes in the baking dish and set aside.
In a mixing bowl, whisk together the eggs, milk, ¼ cup brown sugar, 1 teaspoon cinnamon, and vanilla. Pour the egg mixture over the bread; stir and set aside.
Melt butter in a large skillet set over medium-high heat. Once melted, add in the apples, remaining brown sugar, and remaining cinnamon. Cook for about 8 minutes, stirring frequently, until the apples begin to soften and the liquid thickens.
Remove from heat and spoon the apple mixture over the bread mixture. Sprinkle the top with pecans.
Cover with aluminum foil and refrigerate overnight, or bake it right away.
Preheat the oven to 350˚F.
Take the casserole out of the fridge and let it sit on the counter while the oven is preheating.
Bake, covered, for 30 minutes.
Remove the foil and continue to bake for about 20 more minutes or until the custard has set.
Remove from oven and let stand 15 minutes before cutting and serving.
Top with maple syrup and serve.
Notes
Bread: Brioche is most commonly used for French toast, but sourdough bread, ciabatta, or challah are also excellent choices. Leftover, dry, or stale bread works best.
Apples: I like to use any fresh apples I have on hand, mostly Honeycrisps, but Granny Smith apples are good to use, as well as Jonathans.
Freezing French Toast Casserole: Fully cooked casserole can be frozen - cover with a couple of layers of foil and freeze for up to 3 months. However, I suggest freezing the French toast casserole before baking because it produces a better, more firm texture.
Baking: This casserole can be baked right away, or for a better-tasting French toast, prepare the casserole, but don't bake it. Cover the baking dish with foil, store it in the fridge, and let the casserole sit overnight or for at least 4 hours - this gives the bread a chance to soak up the egg custard.